May  2005

Buying and Selling Equine Real Estate by Christina Fleming... 6
Equine Dentistry Pt 1 by Doug Thal, DVM... 8
Hot Areas for Horses in the Southwest by Yvonne Lewiecki... 10
The Australian Stock Horse  courtesy of N. David Hogan... 12
Just My Opinion by John Flint Martin... 14
Focus on Mules by Sophia Sarember... 15


d e p a r t m e n t s
Stallion Showcase  . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Instructor/Trainer Directory . . . . .30
NM Quarter Horse Association Newsletter . . . . . . . . 32
News Briefs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Calendar of Events . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Classified Advertising . . . . . . . . . 50
Equestrian Property . . . . . . . . . . .56
Classified Advertising/Subscription Information. . . . . 62
Advertising Rates & Information..  62

Equine Dentistry Part One Doug Thal, DVM


There has been a revolution in equine dentistry. Twenty years
ago, very little effort was made in the care of the horse’s teeth. Basic dental “floating” has been performed for hundreds of years, but techniques and knowledge did not progress much. Until fairly recently, many veterinarians
had either little interest in doing dentistry or, if they did, had poor equipment that did not allow them to do the work properly.

Today, equine dentistry is getting lots of attention. There is both a huge amount of information and misinformation available. It is important for horse owners to have basic knowledge about equine dentistry so that they can sort through this maze of material and make good decisions for the health of their horses.

There are a few points that can definitely be made concerning the recent changes in equine dentistry:
• Knowledge of equine dentistry has increased dramatically in the last 10 years.
• There has been great improvement in equine dental equipment. There is now a huge variety of motorized instrumentation available for grinding equine teeth, as well as elaborate mouth speculums and hand instruments. Motorized dental equipment is not necessarily superior to good hand instruments. It simply makes the same job quicker, easier and sometimes more practical to perform.
• Through the recent growth in knowledge and technology, techniques have been developed that allow more thorough examination and treatment of the horse’s mouth. Proper use of high quality and well designed instruments allows thorough grinding of dental overgrowths on all the teeth. Techniques have even been
developed that allow fillings and root canals to be performed on horses.
• In recent years, equine veterinarians have developed much more experience in dentistry and many of us take a special interest in this area of practice.

In my experience, many horse owners are confused between dentistry performed for the health of their horse and dentistry performed to enhance performance at an intended discipline. Professionals, in many cases, have not done an adequate job in explaining this difference. Thus, the focus of this article will be on dental maintenance as it relates to the health of the horse.


Concepts of Equine Dentistry

In order to understand common dental problems and concepts of equine dentistry, it is important to know a little about the structure and function of equine teeth.
• Adult horses have between 38 and 44 teeth (depending on female versus male, and whether or not an individual has wolf teeth). • There are six upper and six lower front teeth. These are called the incisors and are mostly used for grasping and nipping feed.
• Canine teeth are present (mostly) in male horses and developed as fighting teeth.
They have no chewing function but can become very sharp and occasionally can cause problems.
• Wolf teeth are tiny peg teeth just in front of the rows of cheek teeth. They do not have a known function and are often removed because in some horses they may cause discomfort from the bit. Some horses do not develop wolf teeth.

Equine Tooth Structure and Growth

The really important and unique teeth from a health standpoint are the cheek teeth (molars and premolars). Equine cheek teeth have developed over millions of years as an efficient means for grinding coarse grasses. Many horse owners have never even seen their horse’s cheek teeth, as they are far back in the mouth. From a health standpoint, however, they are critical.

The special structure of equine cheek teeth is very different from that of human teeth. Horse’s teeth do not “grow”. The permanent teeth in a young horse are full sized (about 3 to 4 inches long) but are buried in the skull, and erupt through the gums throughout life. The equine cheek tooth has a corrugated grinding surface
which wears off against the opposing tooth and on feed. This loss of tooth is accounted for over time by the tooth’s continual eruption through the gum. Modern, high grain diets favor the formation of dental overgrowths, as the teeth are not worn as effectively by these less abrasive feeds. In a very old horse, the entire tooth has erupted and worn off, and the tooth ultimately just falls out. Understanding this process of eruption helps explain how horses can develop dental problems, and gives some insight into the nature of those problems and how they are treated. Here are a few examples:

• If a tooth does not meet another, it will continue to erupt but not be worn, resulting in a long tooth which can cause pain or interfere with the grinding movement of the jaw. These teeth need periodic shortening to prevent problems.
• In normal horses, the upper rows of cheek teeth are offset outside the lower rows. As the teeth wear, dental points form on the outer edges of the upper teeth and the inner edges of the lower cheek teeth. These points are normal, but they can become excessively large or sharp, and can cause pain when eating or interfere with normal grinding movement. The treatment required is removal and smoothing of points and overgrowths.
• Equine “baby teeth” (deciduous teeth) erupt from prior to birth through the first
months of life. The permanent teeth replace these between one and four years, with specific times for specific teeth. Dental problems can occur in young horses as these teeth are replaced. Problems like retained caps (baby teeth) can cause pain or interfere with normal grinding movement. Retained caps causing problems require removal.

Any of the above will result in signs of dental problems. These signs can include difficulty chewing, dropping feed, slow eating, and weight loss. Incompletely ground feed is not digested and absorbed efficiently, resulting in weight loss. There is more to equine dentistry than just “floating” a horse’s teeth. The idea behind dental health
maintenance should be to preserve a maximum of comfortable grinding of feed for as many years as possible. How frequently a horse needs to have dental care for optimum health depends on age, management, genetics and many other factors. The key is that all horses should have careful dental examination on a regular basis.

Proper equine dentistry starts with a thorough history, exam and an understanding of that particular horse’s and client’s needs. A thorough dental exam is a critical part of quality equine dentistry. It requires good instruments, light and lots of experience to do well. Regular dental exams and maintenance will prevent larger problems later and can be thought of as an investment in the future of a horse. Ultimately, the most important part of sensible equine dental care is getting good advice from a veterinarian who understands dental health as it relates to the health of the whole horse.

In the June issue, I will discuss some of the facts, confusion and controversy
that surround equine dentistry for performance enhancement.

Doug Thal, DVM is a veterinarian at Thal Equine in Taos, New Mexico. Contact Dr. Thal at info@thalequine.com or visit their website at www.thalequine.com.

Bolting Part Two by Sophia Sarember


Bolting Caused by Anticipation of Pain

As I mentioned last month, a mule may bolt from fear or pain. For example: Ill
fitting tack, like a loose crupper; Poor riding skills, such as inadvertently “spurring” the mule; Threats issued by other equines nearby; “Invisible” concerns, such as the lingering scent of a bear or coyote—may all encourage a mule to be greatly disturbed and cause it to run away.

In addition to “legitimate” reasons for bolting, some mule owners insist that their mule bolts for “no reason”. Good muleteers know, however, that there is always a reason for bolting.

The mule that “takes-off like a shot” without apparent warning is often bolting due to anticipation of pain or a fearful event. Mules inherit striking intelligence from the donkey. If a mule suspects that the rider is going to inflict pain, the mule will try to escape the pain and the impending situation before it happens. This is why the bolting may seem unexpected or “without a reason”.

One way a rider causes a mule to bolt from anticipation of pain is by the abuse of bits. In a real-life example, a rider gave her mule a “hard mouth” by being heavy-handed. The more crudely the rider used her hands, the more the mule tried to tolerate the rough handling and subsequently became dull to the bit. The rider then switched to a “stronger” bit in an effort to get a “better” response from her mule. Then the rider continued to be heavy handed with the new bit. As a result, she “dulled” her mule’s mouth even more instead of correcting the problem.

In this particular situation, the rider kept switching to stronger and stronger bits. This cycle of bit switching is a common problem among riders, which often results in the use of harsh bits such as: overly-long shanked curbs; serrated, sharp or rough mouth-pieces on curb bits; powerful gags or hackamore combination bits with sharp mouth pieces. Bit switching in this particular example—and often in many other cases—continued until the rider was finally armed with a very powerful bit.

Meanwhile, the mule anticipated pain from the rider’s crude hands. As a result, when the mule was being ridden quietly along a trail, it suddenly and wildly bolted for “no apparent reason”. The reality was that the mule knew the rider was going to use the harsh bit with heavy, unskilled, unsympathetic hands and it feared the inevitable pain—and rightly so.

As odd as this may sound, mules can bolt “preemptively” in an effort to escape the pain they are anticipating will come from a poor rider. Mules will also try to avoid situations or places where they have been frightened in the past—an issue we’ll explore in the June issue.

Next Month: Bolting Part Three


Sophia Sarember is a trainer, writer, and “muleteer” living in Edgewood, NM. She can be reached at Mulegal@aol.com.